I've seen a good number of views and clicks on my adsense report coming from mobile. Aside from Google Adsense earnings, how else can we maximize and gain more profit from the traffic gained from mobile users?

I think there are a handful of sites/companies that specialize in mobile advertising spaces, so if you want to target that specific market, it might be worth looking into those. I think it's a good way to market specifically to mobile users since I assume it's more targeted in terms of knowing exactly where your advertisements will be shown and thus bettering your chances of people with the same interest actually seeing it.
Most affiliate companies have offers targeting mobile users these days. Depending on your content research the options available, place the ads then start testing. Next, rotate the ads often and see what's best suited for your business. I'm glad to you're looking into better monetizing mobile traffic since mobile browsing is increasing at a fast pace. Nowadays everyone has a smartphone so no wonder they'll browse and shop with it.
Mobile marketing sounds to be the next big thing around. We are already saturated with the social media and email marketing is nearing its death. That said, there are still many people around who do not want to see promotional messages on their handsets. That said, I think you should be careful with what you plan for Mobile Marketing. SMS and Tele Calling can be good if done the right way. You should have a list of interested people / numbers first and then start implementing the suggestions made above.
All most there are many service messages in my Inbox. This shows that mobile marketing is increasing very rapidly. Most of people having a android based smartphones in a hand. Make your website responsive which is fit to all the small devices and extra small devices. Make a app for your website. There are many things by the use you can generate more revenue.